Expat financial advisor: expert expat financial advice for Americans living abroad in 2026

An expat financial advisor specializes in the intersection of US tax law, foreign investment rules, and cross-border wealth management that standard domestic advisors are not equipped to handle.

If you earn income abroad, hold foreign accounts, or invest through non-US institutions, you need a financial advisor who understands citizenship-based taxation and the requirement to file US returns regardless of where your income is earned.

This is not a niche concern. The wrong advice on something as common as a foreign mutual fund can trigger punitive tax rates above 37% plus an interest charge on deferred gains.

A missed FBAR filing carries penalties up to $16,536 per report (2025) for non-willful violations. The right expat financial advisor prevents these outcomes by building a plan around the specific rules that apply to Americans overseas.

This guide covers every major area an expat financial advisor should handle:

• FEIE and FTC – the two main tools to reduce or eliminate double taxation
• FBAR and FATCA – foreign account reporting obligations and penalties
• PFICs – the hidden tax trap in foreign mutual funds
• Retirement accounts – foreign pensions and US accounts held abroad
• Estate and gift tax – worldwide estate tax, gifting rules, and cross-border trusts
• Exit tax – financial planning before renouncing citizenship

Use it to evaluate whether your current advisor is equipped for cross-border work.

What is an expat financial advisor and why do Americans abroad need one?

A US expat financial advisor is a tax and financial planning professional who works specifically with American citizens and green card holders living outside the United States.

Unlike a domestic financial planner, an expat advisor builds every recommendation around citizenship-based taxation – the US requirement that its citizens and permanent residents file federal returns and report worldwide income no matter where they live or earn.

This matters because standard US financial advice breaks down the moment you cross a border.

A domestic advisor may recommend a low-cost index fund available through your local bank abroad – without realizing that fund is classified as a Passive Foreign Investment Company under US tax law.

That classification can trigger tax rates of 37% plus an interest charge on deferred gains. An expat financial advisor knows to flag that before you invest.

The core responsibilities of an expat financial advisor include:

• US tax compliance – ensuring you file Form 2555 for the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion, Form 1116 for the Foreign Tax Credit, and required information returns like Form 8938, Form 5471, and Form 8621
• Foreign account reporting – monitoring FBAR and FATCA obligations so you never face a $16,536 non-willful FBAR penalty (2025) for a missed filing
• Investment screening – identifying which investments are tax-efficient for US persons and which trigger punitive PFIC rules
• Retirement planning – coordinating US and foreign pension treatment, since foreign pension plans are generally not recognized as tax-deferred under US law
• Estate and gift tax – planning around the US worldwide estate tax, which applies to citizens everywhere, and to green card holders who are domiciled in the US
• Dual-country coordination – using tax treaties and totalization agreements to reduce double taxation on income and Social Security contributions

 

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How expat financial advice differs from standard US financial planning

The gap between domestic financial planning and American expat financial advice is not a matter of degree – it is a fundamentally different discipline.

A domestic advisor optimizes around one country’s tax code. An expat advisor must simultaneously navigate two or more tax systems while meeting US reporting obligations that domestic clients never encounter.

Here are the key differences:

• Tax filing obligations – US expats must file Form 2555 or Form 1116 to avoid double taxation, plus information returns like FBAR, Form 8938, and potentially Forms 5471, 8865, and 8621. A domestic advisor typically never encounters these forms.
• Investment access restrictions – many low-cost funds available outside the US are classified as PFICs, which carry punitive US tax treatment. An expat advisor screens every investment for this.
• PFIC rules and Form 8621 reporting – foreign mutual funds and ETFs domiciled outside the US require annual Form 8621 filings and can result in tax rates well above the ordinary income rate. An expat advisor plans around these rules.
• Foreign pension treatment – contributions to foreign pension plans are generally taxable in the US in the year they are made, and growth inside the plan may be taxable annually, unless a tax treaty provides relief. A domestic advisor assumes all employer pensions are tax-deferred.
• Dual-country reporting – an expat advisor coordinates filing positions in both countries to claim treaty benefits and avoid double taxation, rather than treating each system in isolation.

A common TFX client scenario

A US consultant in Germany contributed to a German employer pension plan and invested savings in a German-domiciled mutual fund. A domestic advisor would see a retirement account and an index fund – both standard.

An expat advisor would flag that the pension contributions may not be deductible on the US return without treaty relief, and that the mutual fund is a PFIC requiring annual Form 8621 filing with potential excess distribution taxation at the highest marginal rate plus an interest charge.

Key tax compliance areas every expat financial advisor must cover

A qualified expat financial advisor coordinates at least six major compliance areas simultaneously. Failing to file any one of these when required can result in significant civil penalties – and the IRS assesses them independently, so a single expat could face multiple penalties in the same year.

The six core areas are:

1. Foreign Earned Income Exclusion via Form 2555 – excludes up to $130,000 (2025) of qualifying foreign-earned wages from US tax
2. Foreign Tax Credit via Form 1116 – offsets US tax dollar-for-dollar against foreign taxes paid on the same income
3. FBAR filing for foreign accounts exceeding $10,000 in aggregate value at any point during the year
4. FATCA reporting on Form 8938 – required when foreign financial assets exceed threshold amounts based on filing status and residence
5. PFIC reporting on Form 8621 – annual filing for any investment classified as a Passive Foreign Investment Company
6. State tax obligations – several US states continue to tax former residents who have not formally severed domicile

An expat financial advisor tracks all of these together. Missing the FBAR alone carries a non-willful penalty of $16,536 per report (2025).

Willful violations carry penalties of the greater of $165,353 or 50% of the account balance (2025). Failure to file Form 5471 for a controlled foreign corporation triggers a $10,000 penalty per form per year.

Foreign Earned Income Exclusion: the foundation of expat tax planning

The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion allows qualifying US expats to exclude up to $130,000 (2025) of foreign-earned wages from US federal income tax. For tax year 2026, this rises to $132,900.

You claim the exclusion on Form 2555 filed with your annual return.

To qualify, you must pass one of two tests:

• Physical Presence Test – you were physically present in a foreign country for at least 330 full days during any 12-month period
• Bona Fide Residence Test – you established genuine residence in a foreign country for at least one full calendar year

The exclusion applies only to earned income – wages, salaries, and self-employment income. It does not cover investment income, pensions, or Social Security benefits.

You can also claim a foreign housing exclusion for qualifying housing expenses above a base amount of $20,800 (2025), capped at $39,000 (2025).

Your expat financial advisor should evaluate whether the FEIE or the Foreign Tax Credit produces a lower overall tax liability based on your specific income level, the tax rate in your country of residence, and your mix of earned and unearned income.

Foreign Tax Credit vs. Foreign Earned Income Exclusion: which strategy wins?

This is one of the most consequential decisions in expatriate financial planning, and the right answer depends on your specific situation. The two mechanisms work differently and cannot be applied to the same dollars. 

 

For most expats in low-tax countries, the FEIE eliminates US income tax entirely on the first $130,000 (2025) of earned income. In high-tax countries where you pay more in foreign taxes than you would owe in US taxes, the FTC is generally the better choice because excess credits carry forward for up to 10 years.

Based on a common TFX client scenario: a US software engineer in the UAE earning $120,000 uses the FEIE to reduce federal tax to $0 on earned income. The same engineer in Germany, paying 42% German income tax, would benefit more from the FTC – the foreign taxes exceed the US liability, generating excess credits for future years.

Your advisor cannot simply pick one. They need to model both options with your actual numbers, because once you claim the FEIE, revoking it locks you out of the exclusion for five years without IRS approval.

See our guide to choosing between FEIE and FTC for a detailed comparison with worked examples.

FBAR and FATCA: what your expat financial advisor should be monitoring

FBAR and FATCA are separate obligations with different thresholds, different forms, and different penalties – but a qualified expat financial advisor tracks both simultaneously because they often apply to the same accounts.

FBAR – FinCEN Form 114

You must report all foreign financial accounts if their aggregate value exceeds $10,000 at any point during the year. This includes bank accounts, brokerage accounts, mutual funds, and certain foreign pension accounts.

The FBAR is filed electronically with FinCEN – not the IRS – and is due April 15 with an automatic extension to October 15 – no separate extension form is needed.

FATCA – Form 8938

FATCA requires you to report specified foreign financial assets when they exceed higher thresholds.

For expats living abroad and filing single, the reporting threshold is $200,000 at year-end or $300,000 at any point during the year. For married filing jointly abroad, it is $400,000 at year-end or $600,000 at any point.

The penalties are severe and independent:

• Non-willful FBAR penalty: up to $16,536 per report (2025)
• Willful FBAR penalty: greater of $165,353 or 50% of the account balance (2025)
• Form 8938 penalty: $10,000 for failure to file, plus up to $50,000 for continued failure after IRS notification

Your advisor should be reviewing your foreign account holdings at least annually to ensure both filings are complete and accurate.

See our detailed guide to FBAR filing and Form 8938 for a full comparison of the two requirements.

PFICs and foreign mutual funds: the hidden tax trap expats must avoid

Passive Foreign Investment Companies are one of the most punitive areas of the US tax code for Americans abroad.

A PFIC is any foreign corporation where either 75% or more of gross income is passive income, or 50% or more of assets produce or are held to produce passive income. In practice, nearly every mutual fund and many ETFs domiciled outside the United States meet this definition.

The default tax treatment under the excess distribution regime is harsh. Gains and excess distributions are allocated across your holding period, taxed at the highest ordinary income rate for each year – currently 37%.

An interest charge is then applied on top as though the tax was owed in each prior year. There is no long-term capital gains rate. The result is an effective tax rate that can exceed 50%.

Three reporting approaches exist, each with trade-offs:

• Excess distribution, the default – the punitive regime described above. Applies automatically if you take no election.
• Qualified Electing Fund – QEF – requires the fund to provide an annual information statement. You report your share of ordinary income and capital gains annually, eliminating the excess distribution penalty. Most foreign funds do not provide the required statement.
• Mark-to-market – you report unrealized gains annually at ordinary income rates. Simpler than QEF but still results in current taxation on paper gains.

Every PFIC holding requires an annual Form 8621 filing. You file Form 8621 for each PFIC you hold if you received an excess distribution, sold at a gain, or made a QEF or mark-to-market election. If none of that happened, you may be exempt when your total PFIC holdings are $25,000 or less ($50,000 on a joint return).

 

PFICs, FBARs, and foreign tax credits – TFX’s specialists handle them all.

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Overseas retirement accounts and foreign pension plans: tax planning essentials

Foreign pension plans are not automatically treated as qualified retirement plans under US tax law.

This means contributions your employer makes to a foreign pension may be taxable income to you in the year they are made, and growth inside the plan may be taxed annually – the opposite of how a US 401(k) or IRA works.

The key issues your expat financial advisor must address:

• Current-year taxation of employer contributions – unless a US tax treaty specifically provides for deferral, contributions to a foreign pension plan are includable in your US gross income when made
• Annual taxation of earnings – growth inside a foreign pension fund may also be taxable each year, again unless a treaty provides relief
• PFIC exposure – if your foreign pension invests in local mutual funds, those holdings may be classified as PFICs, creating additional reporting obligations and potential punitive taxation
• FBAR and Form 8938 reporting – foreign pension accounts generally count toward FBAR and FATCA reporting thresholds, even if you have no direct access to the funds

Some US tax treaties offer relief, but it tends to be narrow. Under Article 18(5) of the US–UK treaty, a US citizen who lives and works in the UK and belongs to their employer’s UK pension scheme can defer US tax on contributions.

The deferral applies only if the IRS has accepted the scheme as corresponding to a US retirement plan, and it’s capped at what that comparable plan would allow.

Personal pensions and self-employed arrangements generally don’t qualify. Other treaties may offer limited relief as well, but the US–UK rule doesn’t automatically extend to other countries, so your advisor needs to check the exact treaty language for your country of residence.

US retirement accounts are more familiar territory but still need attention. You can generally keep your existing 401(k) and IRA while living abroad. Contributing to a Roth IRA is trickier: you need earned income to contribute, and the FEIE can reduce the earned income that counts toward contributions to zero.

Tax treaties and totalization agreements: using benefits with an advisor

Tax treaties and totalization agreements are two separate tools that reduce double taxation, and they work in different ways. Your expat financial advisor should be using both where they apply.

Tax treaty benefits

Tax treaties are bilateral agreements between the US and another country that modify how specific categories of income are taxed. Key provisions commonly include:

• Reduced withholding rates on dividends, interest, and royalties
• Pension relief – deferral or exemption of pension income, depending on the treaty
• Teaching and research exemptions – short-term tax exemptions for academics in certain countries
• Residency tiebreaker rules – determining which country has primary taxing rights when you qualify as a resident of both

Treaty benefits are claimed on a US return using Form 8833 for treaty-based return positions. Failing to claim a treaty benefit – or failing to file Form 8833 when required – can cost expats thousands of dollars annually.

Your advisor must know the specific treaty provisions for your country, not just the general principles.

Totalization agreements

Totalization agreements prevent dual Social Security taxation. The US currently has totalization agreements with 31 countries.

Under these agreements, you generally pay into the Social Security system of the country where you work, avoiding contributions to both countries simultaneously.

These agreements also allow you to combine work credits from both countries to qualify for benefits you might not be eligible for under either system alone. An expat working 5 years in the US and 10 years in Germany can use credits from both countries toward US Social Security eligibility.

Your advisor should confirm which agreement applies, verify that you are paying into only one system, and coordinate your Social Security strategy with your broader retirement plan.

State tax obligations: the expat financial planning issue most advisors miss

Moving abroad does not automatically sever your state tax residency. Some states aggressively pursue former residents who retain ties like a driver’s license, bank account, or property.

States with no income tax are popular domicile choices for expats before departure – but the change must be established correctly, not just assumed.

States known for aggressive residency rules:

• California – applies a narrow safe harbor: If you’re outside California for at least 546 consecutive days under an employment-related contract, you’re generally treated as a nonresident for that period. The safe harbor doesn’t apply if you have more than $200,000 of intangible income, such as interest, dividends, and capital gains, in a year the contract is in effect, or if avoiding California tax is the main reason for the absence. Without a qualifying employment contract, you’ll need to establish nonresidency the general way – by showing your closest connections are now outside California
• Virginia – taxes residents on worldwide income and considers domicile intent-based, making it difficult to sever without clearly establishing a new domicile
• South Carolina – similar intent-based domicile rules with broad income definitions
• New Mexico – taxes all income of residents regardless of where earned

States with no income tax – popular pre-departure domicile choices:

Texas, Florida, Nevada, Wyoming, Tennessee, Alaska, South Dakota, New Hampshire – no tax on earned income – and Washington – no income tax on earned income

Your expat financial advisor should review your domicile strategy before you leave the US. Documenting the change of domicile is critical:

• Update your driver’s license, voter registration, and mailing address to the new state or foreign address
• Close bank accounts in the former state where practical
• Cancel or transfer any state-specific memberships, professional licenses, or club affiliations
• Maintain records that demonstrate intent to establish a new home abroad

Expat estate planning: protecting your cross-border wealth

US citizens are subject to federal estate tax on their worldwide assets regardless of where they live. Green card holders are too, but only if they’re domiciled in the US – a fact-specific test based on physical presence and intent to stay, not just the green card itself.

A green card holder who has moved abroad permanently may instead be treated as a nonresident alien for estate tax purposes, which changes the exemption and the assets in scope. The lifetime gift and estate tax exemption for US domiciliaries is $13,990,000 per individual (2025).

Under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act signed July 4, 2025, the TCJA sunset was repealed, making the elevated exemption permanent. For tax year 2026, the exemption increases to $15,000,000 per individual, indexed for inflation going forward.

This is a significant change – prior to the OBBBA, the exemption was scheduled to drop to roughly half in 2026.

Key estate planning considerations for expats:

• Annual gift tax exclusion – $19,000 per recipient (2025), or $190,000 (2025) for gifts to a non-citizen spouse
• Foreign trust rules – transfers to foreign trusts trigger Form 3520 reporting. Gifts from foreign individuals exceeding $100,000 (2025) in aggregate during the year must be reported on Form 3520, and gifts from foreign corporations or partnerships exceeding $20,116 (2025) require reporting. The penalty for failure to report is 5% of the gift value per month, capped at 25%.
• Dual estate taxation – without proper planning, an expat financial planner can help you avoid the risk of both your country of residence and the US taxing the same estate. Tax treaties may provide credits or exemptions, but not all countries have estate tax treaties with the US.
• Beneficiary designations – review beneficiary designations on US retirement accounts to ensure they work correctly under both US and foreign inheritance law. Some countries have forced heirship rules that may conflict with your US estate plan.
• Form 706 – the US estate tax return, required for estates exceeding the exemption. Estates of nonresident aliens, including green card holders not domiciled in the US, file Form 706-NA instead when US-situs assets exceed $60,000. Your advisor should coordinate US and foreign estate filings.

See our guide to estate taxes for expatriates for detailed planning strategies.

Streamlined filing procedures: catching up on missed expat tax obligations

The IRS Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures allow non-willful delinquent expats to catch up on missed filings with reduced or eliminated penalties.

Many expats discover years into living abroad that they should have been filing US returns all along. The Streamlined program is designed exactly for this situation.

The program requires:

• 3 years of delinquent or amended tax returns
• 6 years of delinquent FBARs
• A certification – Form 14653 for those abroad, Form 14654 for US residents – that the failure was non-willful

There are two tracks:

Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures – SFOP – for expats who meet the non-residency requirement: 330 full days outside the US in at least one of the three most recent tax years with no US abode. The penalty is 0%. No monetary penalty at all.

Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures – SDOP – for those who do not meet the non-residency test. Carries a 5% miscellaneous offshore penalty on the highest aggregate year-end balance of unreported foreign financial assets over the 6-year FBAR period.

Based on a common TFX client scenario: an expat who has lived in Spain for 7 years without filing discovers they owe minimal US tax thanks to the FEIE, but have 7 years of unfiled returns and FBARs. Through SFOP, they file 3 years of returns, 6 years of FBARs, and pay $0 in penalties. Without the program, the same person could face non-willful FBAR penalties of up to $16,536 per report for each year.

Your expat financial advisor should evaluate Streamlined eligibility early. The program is only available to taxpayers not currently under IRS audit or criminal investigation, and the failure must be genuinely non-willful.

See our guide to Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures for eligibility details and step-by-step instructions.

Years of unfiled returns? TFX’s Streamlined Filing service may help you get current – penalty-free.

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Renunciation and exit tax: financial planning before giving up US citizenship

Renouncing US citizenship or abandoning a green card triggers the expatriation tax under IRC Section 877A if you meet any one of these criteria:

• Net worth of $2,000,000 or more on the date of expatriation
• Average annual net income tax liability exceeding $206,000 (2025) over the five tax years preceding expatriation
• Failure to certify five years of US tax compliance on Form 8854

If you meet any threshold, you are treated as a “covered expatriate.” The US imposes a mark-to-market exit tax – treating all your worldwide assets as if sold on the day before expatriation. Net gains above an exclusion amount of $890,000 (2025) are taxed at applicable capital gains rates.

The mark-to-market rule applies to unrealized gains on most assets, including stocks, real estate, and business interests. Specified tax-deferred accounts, such as IRAs, are treated differently: you are treated as receiving the entire balance as a distribution the day before you expatriate, and that amount is included in your income for the year. Eligible deferred compensation, such as certain employer plans, is not part of the deemed sale. Instead, it is subject to withholding on future distributions.

Pre-expatriation financial planning is critical. An expat financial advisor working with a tax attorney should:

• Model the exit tax exposure across all asset classes
• Identify strategies to reduce unrealized gains before the expatriation date
• Ensure all five years of US tax compliance are certified
• Coordinate the timing of expatriation with income and asset values
• Address estate tax implications, since gifts and bequests from covered expatriates to US persons may be subject to a transfer tax

This is not a decision to make without professional guidance. The financial and tax consequences of getting it wrong are among the most severe in the US tax code.

Cross-border financial planning for Americans moving abroad: a pre-departure checklist

The financial decisions made in the 90 days before departing the US can have tax consequences that last for decades. A pre-departure checklist should cover at least these steps:

1. Establish domicile in a no-income-tax state if possible – Texas, Florida, Nevada, Wyoming, and others have no state income tax
2. Review all investment accounts for PFIC exposure – if any holdings will become PFICs once you move abroad, consider liquidating them while still a US domestic investor
3. Maximize contributions to US retirement accounts before departure – 401(k) and IRA contribution eligibility may be affected by the FEIE once you are abroad
4. Open a US-based bank account that serves international clients – many domestic banks restrict services for customers with foreign addresses
5. Review beneficiary designations on all accounts – ensure they are compatible with both US and destination-country inheritance laws
6. Obtain a tax treaty analysis for your destination country – understand how your income will be taxed in both jurisdictions before you arrive
7. Set up FBAR and Form 8938 tracking systems – begin monitoring the aggregate value of your foreign accounts from day one
8. Engage both an expat financial advisor and an expat tax preparer – ideally before you leave, so your first year abroad is handled correctly from the start

The financial decisions made in the 90 days before departure are often more consequential than any adjustments made after arrival.

See our guide to international banking for expats for help choosing a US-based bank that works for overseas clients.

Foreign real estate and rental income: tax reporting your advisor must know

Rental income from foreign property is taxable in the US and must be reported on Schedule E, just like domestic rental income. However, several rules differ significantly from US property.

Foreign rental property is not subject to FBAR reporting. However, if you hold the property through a foreign entity, that entity’s bank accounts may trigger FBAR and FATCA obligations.

Proceeds from selling a foreign property that are deposited into a foreign account will count toward FBAR and FATCA reporting thresholds.

Key differences your advisor must know:

• Depreciation schedule – foreign residential rental property uses a 30-year Alternative Depreciation System schedule, not the 27.5-year MACRS schedule used for US property. Using the wrong schedule has been a consistent audit trigger.
• Form 8858 – if you hold foreign property through a foreign disregarded entity, you must file Form 8858 annually. The penalty for failure to file is $10,000 per form per year.
• Currency conversion – rental income and expenses must be converted to US dollars. Consistent use of an appropriate exchange rate is required.
• Foreign tax credits – taxes paid to the foreign country on rental income can generally be claimed as a credit on your US return via Form 1116.

 

See our guide to foreign rental income and tax reporting for detailed reporting instructions.

Offshore corporations and foreign business structures: planning considerations

US expats who own or control foreign corporations face additional reporting obligations that go well beyond a standard personal tax return. The IRS requires detailed annual information filings, and the penalties for non-compliance are substantial.

Form 5471 is required for US persons who are officers, directors, or 10%+ shareholders of certain foreign corporations. The penalty for failure to file is $10,000 per form per year, with additional penalties of $10,000 per 30-day period after IRS notice, up to $50,000 additional per form.

Controlled Foreign Corporation – CFC – rules apply when US shareholders, each owning at least 10% of the vote or value, collectively own more than 50% of a foreign corporation, directly or constructively. When that combined threshold is met, each US shareholder must report and pay tax on their share of certain categories of the corporation’s income, even when no cash is distributed.

GILTI renamed to NCTI: what changed in 2025

Under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act signed July 4, 2025, what was previously called Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income – GILTI – has been renamed Net CFC Tested Income – NCTI.

Effective for tax years beginning in 2026, the Section 250 deduction drops from 50% to 40%, and the qualified business asset investment exemption – formerly QBAI – is eliminated.

This means US shareholders of CFCs will generally owe more US tax on their foreign corporations’ income starting in 2026.

Owning a foreign corporation without proper US tax planning can result in phantom income – taxable in the US even if no cash is distributed.

Your expat financial advisor should coordinate with a tax professional to structure foreign business ownership efficiently and ensure all required information returns are filed.

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Red flags: when your financial advisor is not equipped for expat needs

These are warning signs that your current financial advisor may not have the cross-border expertise you need:

• Unfamiliar with Form 2555 or Form 1116 – these are the most basic expat tax forms. An advisor who does not know them cannot plan around them.
• Has never heard of FBAR or Form 8938 – if your advisor does not ask about your foreign accounts, they are not equipped for expat work
• Cannot explain PFIC implications – PFICs are the single biggest investment trap for US expats. An advisor who dismisses or is unfamiliar with PFIC rules is a liability.
• Recommends foreign mutual funds without checking US tax treatment – this is the most common mistake and the most expensive
• Does not ask about your state of last domicile – state tax obligations follow many expats abroad, and ignoring them creates a liability
• Has no experience with tax treaty positions – treaty benefits are not automatic and require proper filing. An advisor who cannot identify applicable treaty provisions is leaving money on the table.

An advisor unfamiliar with the difference between FBAR and Form 8938 is not qualified to manage the finances of a US expat.

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